Study on Electroactive Materials for Next Generation Energy Storage Systems

Abstract

The necessity for efficient and reliable energy storage systems has become increasingly critical in the context of modern technological advancements. These systems are essential for a multitude of applications, ranging from consumer electronics and electric vehicles to renewable energy integration, ensuring a stable and sustainable energy supply. The history of battery systems dates back to the invention of the voltaic pile by Alessandro Volta in 1800, which marked the advent of modern batteries. Significant milestones in battery development include the creation of lead-acid batteries in the 1850s, nickel-cadmium batteries in the early 20th century, and the introduction of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in the early 1990s. Each of these developments has addressed the limitations of their predecessors, enhancing energy density, efficiency, and lifespan. A typical battery consists of four main components: the anode, the cathode, the electrolyte, and the separator. The anode, often made of materials such as graphite, serves as the negative electrode, releasing electrons during discharge. The cathode, composed of various metal oxides or other compounds, acts as the positive electrode, accepting electrons. The electrolyte, a medium through which ions move between the anode and cathode, is crucial for maintaining the internal ionic balance of the battery. The separator, a porous membrane, prevents direct contact between the anode and cathode while allowing ionic flow. Each component plays a critical role in determining the overall performance, energy capacity, and longevity of the battery. The development of next-generation battery systems necessitates the innovation of new active materials. Current battery technologies, particularly LIBs, while highly efficient, face challenges related to safety, cost, and energy density limitations. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop new active materials that can offer higher energy densities, faster charging capabilities, and improved safety profiles. This is especially true for anode active materials, which are categorized based on their electrochemical reactions during battery operation. These categories include intercalation materials, alloying materials, and conversion materials, each with unique advantages and challenges that impact their performance and applicability. To fully harness the potential of these new active materials, it is crucial to thoroughly understand their electrochemical behavior of designed materials. Investigating the electrochemical properties of the developed materials will provide insights into their performance, stability, and mechanisms of operation. This understanding is essential for optimizing material properties and ensuring the reliability and efficiency of next-generation battery systems. This thesis focuses on the development and characterization of novel anode active materials for advanced energy storage solutions, with a particular emphasis on their electrochemical performance. By elucidating the electrochemical behavior of these materials, I aim to contribute to the advancement of sustainable and high-performance energy storage systems.