Cr(VI) Effect on Tc-99 Removal from Hanford Low-Activity Waste Simulant by Ferrous Hydroxide

Abstract

Here, Cr(VI) effects on Tc-immobilization by Fe(OH)(2)(s) are investigated while assessing Fe(OH)(2)(s) as a potential treatment method for Hanford low-activity waste destined for vitrification. Batch studies using simulated low-activity waste indicate that Tc(VII) and Cr(VI) removal is contingent on reduction to Tc(IV) and Cr(III). Furthermore, complete removal of both Cr and Tc depends on the amount of Fe(OH)(2)(s) present, where complete Cr and Tc removal requires more Fe(OH)(2)(s) (similar to 200 g/L of simulant), than removing Cr alone (similar to 50 g/L of simulant). XRD analysis suggests that Fe(OH)(2)(s) reaction and transformation in the simulant produces mostly goethite (alpha-FeOOH), where Fe(OH)(2)(s) transformation to goethite rather than magnetite is likely due to the simulant chemistry, which includes high levels of nitrite and other constituents. Once reduced, a fraction of Cr(III) and Tc(IV) substitute for octahedral Fe(III) within the goethite crystal lattice as supported by XPS, XANES, and/or EXAFS results. The remaining Cr(III) forms oxide and/or hydroxide phases, whereas Tc(IV) not fully incorporated into goethite persists as either adsorbed or partially incorporated Tc(IV)-oxide species. As such, to fully incorporate Tc(IV) into the goethite crystal structure, additional Fe(OH)(2)(s) (>200 g/L of simulant) may be required.